Heat & Fluids                                               

Support Equipment

• 2 -00.00 - Support Equipment used for Heat and Fluids

Surface Tension

Force of Surface Tension

• 2A10.05 - Surface Tension - Pennies in a Cup
• 2A10.15 - Submerged Float
• 2A10.20 - Surface Tension - Floating Metals
• 2A10.25 - Surface Tension - Metal Screens
• 2A10.28 - Surface Tension - Lotus Effect
• 2A10.30 - Surface Tension Balance - Tensiometer 
• 2A10.35 - Cohesion Plates 
• 2A10.40 - Surface Tension - Lycopodium Powder
• 2A10.50 - Double Bubble Paradox

Minimal Surface

• 2A15.01 - Soap Bubble Recipes
• 2A15.10 - Ring and Thread
• 2A15.20 - Soap Film - Minimal Surfaces
• 2A15.21 - Catenoid
• 2A15.40? - Soap Bubble - Gases

Capillary Action

• 2A20.45 - Meniscus - Stable Equilibrium
• 2A20.50 - Surface Tension - Water Down a String

Surface Tension Propulsion

• 2A30.13 - Surface Tension - Boat

Statics of Fluids

Static Pressure

• 2B20.15 - Pressure Dependent on Depth
• 2B20.40 - Pascal Vases
• 2B20.53 - Elasticity of Glass - Squeeze a Flask
• 2B20.60 - Work Done by a Piston - Jack
• 2B20.65 - Garbage Bag Jack
• 2B20.80 - Hovercraft

Atmospheric Pressure

• 2B30.07 - Balloon in a Bottle - Air or Water
• 2B30.10 - Crush the Can
• 2B30.15 - Crush the Soda Can
• 2B30.30 - Magdeburg Hemispheres
• 2B30.45 - Water Column - Water Barometer
• 2B30.45a - Inverted Jug or Pitcher - Spoof
• 2B30.50 - Suction Cups - Rubber Sheets
• 2B30.60 - Stick and Newspaper
• 2B30.70 - Vacuum Cannon

Measuring Pressure

• 2B35.10 - Mercury Barometer
• 2B35.26 - Water/Gas Barometer 
• 2B35.30 - Manometers
• 2B35.40 - Aneroid Barometer
• 2B35.45? - Balloon Barometer
• 2B35.60 - Bourdon Gauge
• 2B35.70 - Weatherglass Barometer

Density and Buoyancy

• 2B40.10 - Buoyancy - Bowling Ball and Spring Scale
• 2B40.15 - Buoyancy - Finger, Water, and Scale
• 2B40.18 - Beakers or Boards and Masses
• 2B40.20 - Buoyancy Demo - Archimedes' Principle and Applications
• 2B40.23 - Water Level - Stones Thrown from a Boat
• 2B40.25 - Battleship in a Bathtub
• 2B40.28 - Metal & Concrete Boats - Buoyancy vs. Surface Area
• 2B40.29? - Buoyancy vs. Surface Area
• 2B40.30 - Cartesian Diver
• 2B40.40 - Buoyancy Demo - Baroscope
• 2B40.41 - Buoyancy Paradox
• 2B40.45 - Gas Law - Weight of Air Globe
• 2B40.50 - Density Gradient - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 2B40.52? - Specific Gravity
• 2B40.53 - Oil and Water "U" Tube
• 2B40.55? - Particle Diffusion In Stellar Medium - Percolation & Convection Cells - ref. Astronomy
• 2B40.57? - Density of a Soft Drink
• 2B40.57B? - Buoyancy Paradox - 3 Beakers & Density Balls
• 2B40.59 - Density Ball, Rods, Galilean Thermometer, Eggs
• 2B40.61 - Density Blocks
• 2B40.70 - Lifting Power of Balloons
• 2B40.85 - Granular Segregation - Rising Stones

Siphons, Fountains, Pumps

• 2B60.10 - Hero's Fountain
• 2B60.30 - Siphons, Self Starting Siphons & Tantalus Cups

Dynamics of Fluids

Flow Rate

• 2C10.10 - Three Hole Can Experiment - Velocity of Efflux
• 2C10.26 - Water From a Syringe - Velocity of Efflux

Forces in Moving Fluids

• 2C20.07? - Bernoulli's Principle?
• 2C20.10 - Bernoulli's Principle - Venturi Tubes
• 2C20.20 - Atomizer
• 2C20.23? - Coanda Effect - Bernoulli Bags
• 2C20.30 - Coanda Effect - Ball in Air Stream
• 2C20.34 - Coanda Effect - Thread in an Air Stream
• 2C20.35 - Coanda Effect - Funnel and Ball
• 2C20.36 - Coanda Effect - Ball in a Water Stream
• 2C20.40 - Plates and Weights
• 2C20.44 - Coin in a Cup
• 2C20.45 - Attracting Balls or Sheets
• 2C20.48 - Coanda Effect - Magnetic Ping-Pong Ball
• 2C20.50 - Coanda Effect and Angle of Attack - Airplane Wing
• 2C20.55 - Boomerang
• 2C20.60 - Magnus Effect - "V" Launcher and Ball
• 2C20.63? - Bernoulli Demo - Weather Balloon Curve Ball - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 2C20.70 - Magnus Effect - Loop the Loop
• 2C20.80 - Magnus Effect - Flettner Rotator
• 2C20.90? - Falling Water Stream
• 2C20.95 - Frisbee
• 2C20.96 - Flying Ring and Cylinder

Viscosity

• 2C30.15 - Viscosity 
• 2C30.50 - Terminal Velocity
• 2C30.65 - Terminal Velocity - Coffee Filters

Turbulent and Streamline Flow

• 2C40.20 - Streamline Flow - Blow Out a Candle
• 2C40.50 - Laminar and Turbulent Flow Demos
• 2C40.90 - Shock Wave Fronts - Rayleigh-Taylor Instability - ref. Astronomy

Vorticies

• 2C50.15 - Vortex Rings
• 2C50.20 - Tornado Vortex
• 2C50.30 - Tornado Vortex - Tornado Tube
• 2C50.34? - Tornado Box
• 2C50.35 - Paraboloids and Vortices

Non-Newtonian Fluids

• 2C60.00 - Non-Newtonian Fluids 
• 2C60.30 - Silly Putty
• 2C60.50 - Fluids vs. Solids - Sand

Thermal Properties of Matter

Thermometry

• 4A10.10 - Thermometers - Gas and Liquid
• 4A10.20 - Galileo Thermometer
• 4A10.30 - Thermocouples
• 4A10.50 - Liquid Crystals
• 4A10.80 - IR Thermometers

Liquid Expansion

• 4A20.10 - Expansion & Contraction Demo - Liquids

Solid Expansion

• 4A30.10 - Expansion & Contraction Demo - Bimetal Strip
• 4A30.11 - Bimetal Strip Thermostat
• 4A30.15 - Wire Coil Thermostat
• 4A30.20 - Expansion & Contraction Demo - Ball and Ring
• 4A30.40 - Spencer Disks
• 4A30.46 - Trevelyan Rockers
• 4A30.55 - Expansion & Contraction Demo - Expansion Tube
• 4A30.60 - Thermal Expansion Coefficient
• 4A30.80 - Thermal Properties of Rubber

Properties of Material at Low Temperatures

• 4A40.10 - Liquid Nitrogen - Lead Bell - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 4A40.20 - Liquid Nitrogen - Banana and Mercury Hammer - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 4A40.30 - Liquid Nitrogen - Ball, Rubber Tube, and Lettuce - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 4A40.31 - Liquid Nitrogen - Whack A Penny - ref. Chem & Physics of E. E.
• 4A40.34 - Liquid Nitrogen - Ice Cream Recipes - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 4A40.45 - Liquid Nitrogen - Speed of Chemical Reactions - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 4A40.70 - Liquid Oxygen - Acceleration of Combustion 

Liquid Helium

Heat and the First Law

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

• 4B10.10 - Heat Capacity Demo
• 4B10.26 - Specific Heat App. - Calorimeter
• 4B10.29 - Dulong - Petit Law of Specific Heat
• 4B10.30 - Specific Heat Apparatus
• 4B10.65 - P-V-T App. - Rüchhardt's Method

Convection

• 4B20.10 - Thermal Convection of a Liquid Demo
• 4B20.20 - Thermal Convection of a Gas - Hot Air Balloon
• 4B20.30 - Thermal Convection of a Gas - Convection Chimney with Confetti
• 4B20.35 - Thermal Convection of a Gas - Paper Chimney
• 4B20.38? - Thermal Convection of a Gas - Convection Currents
• 4B20.50 - Convection Cells or Rayleigh-Bernard Cells

Conduction

• 4B30.10 - Thermal Conductivity Demo
• 4B30.53 - Heat Transfer - Liquid Crystal Indicator
• 4B30.54 - Heat Transfer - Aluminum Bar
• 4B30.55? - Heat Transfer - Copper Coils
• 4B30.59 - Model - Heat Flow from a Home

Radiation

• 4B40.10 - Light the Match
• 4B40.30 - Leslie's Cube
• 4B40.45 - Infrared Radiation/Absorption
• 4B40.50 - Thermal Radiation - Absorption/Transmission
• 4B40.60 - Infrared Radiation - Sensitive Thermocouple and Overhead
• 4B40.66 - Radiation - Laser and Thermometer

Heat Transfer Application

• 4B50.10 - Thermal Conductivity Demo - 4 Thermos Bottles
• 4B50.20 - Boiling Water in a Paper Cup
• 4B50.25 - Balloons & Matches
• 4B50.60 - The Greenhouse Effect - ref. Astronomy

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

• 4B60.10 - Work Into Heat - Lead Shot
• 4B60.15 - Mechanical Equivalent of Heat - Hammer a Block
• 4B60.18? - Smashing Spheres - 2" Ball Bearings
• 4B60.20 - Mechanical Equivalent of Heat - Friction Method
• 4B60.55 - Frictional Heating

Adiabatic Processes

• 4B70.10 - Fire Syringe
• 4B70.23? - Cloud Formation by Cooling
• 4B70.25 - Cloud in a Bottle
• 4B70.27 - Adiabatic Cooling - Fire Extinguisher
  
• 4B70.30 - Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus - Pasco
• 4B70.36 - Adiabatic Gas Law - Compress Butane

Change of State

PVT Surfaces

• 4C10.10 - P-V-T Model

Phase Changes: Liquid - Solid

• 4C20.10 - Super Cooling Water
• 4C20.20 - Ice Bomb
• 4C20.30 - Regelation - Cutting Ice Blocks with a Wire
• 4C20.40 - Freezing Liquid Nitrogen - Reduced Pressure
• 4C20.50 - Latent Heat of Fusion
• 4C20.60 - Heat of Crystallization
• 4C20.99 - Wood's or Field's Metal

Phase Changes: Liquid - Gas

• 4C30.10 - Reduced Pressure Boiling
• 4C30.25 - Geyser
• 4C30.33 - Ice Stove
• 4C30.80 - Liquid Nitrogen - Making Liquid O₂ -ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 4C30.90 - Liquid Nitrogen Cloud

Cooling by Evaporation

• 4C31.20 - Triple Point Demo
• 4C31.21 - Freezing Water - Reduced Pressure
• 4C31.30 - Drinking Bird
• 4C31.37 - Franklin's Pulse Glass Engine

Dew Point and Humidity

• 4C32.10 - Wet & Dry Bulb Hygrometer - Sling Psychrometer
• 4C32.15 - Relative Humidity Indicator - Hygrometer
• 4C32.30? - Relative Moisture Meter

Vapor Pressure

• 4C33.31 - Pressure Cooker
• 4C33.50- Franklin's Pulse Glass - Hand Boilers                                                               

Sublimation

• 4C40.10 - Sublimation of Dry Ice
• 4C40.11 - Screaming Ice - CO₂ and Metal Plate
• 4C40.15 - Change of Volume with Change of State - CO₂ or Liq. N₂ and Balloon
• 4C40.16 - Change of Volume with Change of State - Melting Iceberg

Phase Changes: Solid - Solid

• 4C45.15 Nitinol Wire

Critical Point

• 4C50.20 - Critical Opalescence
• 4C50.40 - Equiphase Cell

Kinetic Theory

Brownian Motion

• 4D10.10 - Brownian Motion

Mean Free Path

• 4D20.10 - Radiometer - ref. Perpetual Motion

Kinetic Motion

• 4D30.20 - Kinetic Theory of Gases Demos - Overhead Model
• 4D30.38 - Kinetic Theory of Gases Demos - Ping Pong Balls

Molecular Dimensions

• 4D40.10 - Monomolecular Layer

Diffusion and Osmosis

• 4D50.42/8A70.45 - Cloud Formation - ref. Astronomy
• 4D50.45 - Diffusion of Bromine - ref. Astronomy
• 4D50.60 - Diffusion - Liquids
  
• 4D50.65 - Diffusion Through a Balloon
• 4D50.70 - Permeable Membrane - Osmosis

Gas Law

Constant Pressure

• 4E10.05 - Gas 3-D
• 4E10.10 - Charles' Law and Gas Pressure Doing Work - Glass Piston
• 4E10.16 - Gay-Lussac's Gas law
• 4E10.20 - Liquid Nitrogen - Balloons - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.

Constant Temperature

• 4E20.25 - Boyle's Law Demos - Overhead Model
• 4E20.40 - Balloons, Marshmallows, Shaving Cream, & Ivory Foam in a Vacuum

Constant Volume

• 4E30.10 - Constant Volume Bulb - Absolute Zero Apparatus
• 4E30.20 - A Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

Entropy and the Second Law

Entropy

• 4F10.00 - Entropy
  
• 4F10.10 - Rotational Shear Forces - Glycerin and Ink
• 4F10.25 - Maxwell Demon
• 4F10.40 - Dust Explosions - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 4F10.45 - Gas Explosions - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.
• 4F10.50 - Gas Properties and Flammability - ref. Chem. & Physics of E. E.

Heat Cycles

• 4F30.01 - Hero's Engine
• 4F30.10 - Stirling Engine
• 4F30.20 - Steam Engines
• 4F30.50 - Otto Cycle Engine
• 4F30.52 - Gas Engine Model
• 4F30.60 - Nitinol Wire - Memory Wire
• 4F30.70 - Rubber Band Engine
• 4F30.96? - Carnot Engine

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